Bell Potter Securities Limited Review 2024

Bell Potter Securities Limited review
Bell Potter Securities Limited Fees Explained

• Bell Potter Securities Limited withdrawal fees varies on payment method
• Bell Potter Securities Limited does charge a fee for inactive accounts.
• Bell Potter Securities Limited does charge deposit fees. A currency conversion fee may be applied as withdrawals and deposits from Bell Potter Securities Limited are conducted in USD. Any other currency will have to be converted to your local currency by your 3rd party payment provider.

Bell Potter Securities Limited Costs To Check

Modern brokers like Bell Potter Securities Limited provide advanced online trading platforms, mobile apps, financial analysis tools and educational resources. These services require significant investment, and in turn, Bell Potter Securities Limited may charge clients various fees for trading activities. Be mindful of these charges, impacting your overall Bell Potter Securities Limited trading profitability.

How Bell Potter Securities Limited Fees Compare Against Other Brokers

Bell Potter Securities Limited Minimum Deposit

Bell Potter Securities Limited requires a minimum deposit of 5 GBP/USD/EUR when opening an Bell Potter Securities Limited trading account.

A minimum deposit is the minimum amount of money required by Bell Potter Securities Limited to open a new online brokerage account with them.

Don't be scared off by brokers like Bell Potter Securities Limited charging a minimum deposit to open a trading account. Brokers charging higher minimum deposits may offer additional premium services on their platforms that are not free on other platforms.

In the trading world, brokers like Bell Potter Securities Limited, have different minimum deposit requirements based on the target audience they are trying to attract. Brokers with lower minimum deposit requirements typically cater to a more mainstream audience who don't require advanced research tools or features. On the other hand, brokers that require a larger minimum deposit often provide a greater range of trading features, more in-depth technical analysis, research tools, and better risk management features.

Some brokers may waive the minimum deposit requirement to attract new customers but may compensate for it by charging higher transaction commissions and trading fees. As the online trading market becomes more competitive, brokers have reduced their minimum deposit requirements to attract new clients.

However, it's important to note that depending on your trading account type, some brokers may require a higher minimum deposit of up to 10,000 GBP/USD. Therefore, it's essential to research and compares different brokers to determine which best suits your trading needs and budget.

Bell Potter Securities Limited Withdrawal Fees

The fees for withdrawing funds from your Bell Potter Securities Limited account will differ depending on your chosen payment method. Reviewing the fees associated with each payment method before making your Bell Potter Securities Limited withdrawal request is important.

Bell Potter Securities Limited Withdrawal rules may vary across different brokers when it comes to transferring funds from your Bell Potter Securities Limited or other broker trading account. Each brokerage firm has its specific withdrawal methods. The payment provider associated with Bell Potter Securities Limited may have different transfer processing fees and processing times, affecting how long it takes to receive your funds.

In addition, currency conversion fees may apply if the Bell Potter Securities Limited withdrawal and receiving currencies differ, adding to the overall transaction costs. The currency conversion fee depends on your base currency, receiving currency, and the 3rd party payment provider that is separate from Bell Potter Securities Limited. Researching and comparing Bell Potter Securities Limited withdrawal policies and fees across different brokers is essential before choosing one, especially if you are withdrawing Bell Potter Securities Limited funds frequently or dealing with large sums of money. Awareness of these Bell Potter Securities Limited fees and policies can help you plan and budget accordingly and avoid any unpleasant surprises when transferring your Bell Potter Securities Limited funds.

For example, Bell Potter Securities Limited allows you to withdraw your funds to Debit cards, Credit cards.

Bell Potter Securities Limited Inactivity Fees

Bell Potter Securities Limited does charge a fee for inactive accounts.

When a trading account goes unused for a certain period, brokerage clients may be charged an account inactivity fee. To avoid such fees, clients may need to fulfill specific trading activity requirements outlined by Bell Potter Securities Limited terms and conditions. It's important to note that inactivity fees are not unique to online trading accounts, as many financial service companies may also charge them.

Make sure you're fully aware of all Bell Potter Securities Limited fees and services. It's recommended that you check the Bell Potter Securities Limited website before signing up. If you decide to close your Bell Potter Securities Limited account, it's important to do so with the Bell Potter Securities Limited broker customer support and obtain confirmation that no remaining Bell Potter Securities Limited fees are due.

Brokers like Bell Potter Securities Limited must disclose any inactivity fees as part of their regulations. The type of account and broker you sign up for, will determine whether or not you can be charged an inactivity fee under certain circumstances.

Certain brokers may levy inactivity fees to recoup the expenses associated with sustaining your account on their trading platforms when there is a shortage of commission fees earned from your trading activities.

Bell Potter Securities Limited Deposit Fees

Bell Potter Securities Limited do charge deposit fees.

Reviewing deposit fees before initiating a transaction is imperative, as certain brokers might impose a charge for depositing funds from your payment method to your trading account. The payment method employed for funding your account might also incur a fee.

Depositing funds into your trading account may incur a fee, which could vary depending on the fiat currency used. For instance, depositing funds from a credit card can attract high fees. Additionally, not all brokers accept credit card payments for account funding. It's crucial to review the funding options and associated fees the broker provides before depositing any funds.

Bell Potter Securities Limited Commission Fees

Bell Potter Securities Limited does charge commission on CFD instruments.

Brokerage firms like Bell Potter Securities Limited may charge commission fees as compensation for executing trades on behalf of traders on their trading platforms. Commission fees can vary depending on the type of financial asset being traded and the Bell Potter Securities Limited trading account level held by the trader.

Bell Potter Securities Limited may charge commission fees for fulfilling, modifying, or canceling an order on behalf of its clients. However, if a market order is not fulfilled, no commission fee is usually charged. Reviewing Bell Potter Securities Limited terms and conditions to understand the commission fees and any other charges that may apply is essential.

Bell Potter Securities Limited review
Trading on Bell Potter Securities Limited web platforms and other applications

Bell Potter Securities Limited offer the popular MT4 forex trading platform. To see a list of the top MT4 brokers, see our comparison of MT4 brokers.

Bell Potter Securities Limited also offer mobile apps for Android and iOS trading apps help you stay on top of your trades and execute them on the go.

See Bell Potter Securities Limited's platforms

Is the Bell Potter Securities Limited Trading Platform Secure?

You should take the security of your personal information seriously and check SSL encryption is enabled on the Bell Potter Securities Limited trading platform to protect you on PC and mobile Bell Potter Securities Limited platforms. To further enhance security, we encourage traders to always look for the lock sign on their browser when using Bell Potter Securities Limited web trading platforms.

Bell Potter Securities Limited Trading Platform Options

After logging into your Bell Potter Securities Limited account, you'll find a range of trading platform options available below.

• MetaTrader 4 (MT4)

Please be aware that Bell Potter Securities Limited does not currently support the MetaTrader 5 (MT5) trading platform. However, if you're looking for a broker that does offer MT5, you can check out our list of recommended brokers available through the provided link.

Bell Potter Securities Limited does not support the cTrader trading platform. However, if you're looking for a broker that does offer cTrader, you can explore other options available through the provided link.

Let's explore each of these trading platforms in detail and what options Bell Potter Securities Limited gives you.

Bell Potter Securities Limited review
Bell Potter Securities Limited MetaTrader 4 (MT4)

Bell Potter Securities Limited MetaTrader 4 (MT4) In Detail

MetaTrader 4, commonly known as MT4, has been a well-known and widely used trading platform in the financial markets since its inception in 2005. MT4 on Bell Potter Securities Limited offers traders comprehensive features and tools to enhance their trading performance. The Bell Potter Securities Limited MT4 user-friendly interface and highly customizable trading environment allow traders to tailor the Bell Potter Securities Limited platform to their needs. One of the standout features of MT4 is its charting functionality, which allows Bell Potter Securities Limited traders to analyze price movements and make informed trading decisions. Additionally, advanced order management tools give Bell Potter Securities Limited traders greater control over their trades, allowing them to manage risk better and optimize their trading strategies on the MT4 Bell Potter Securities Limited trading platform.

MetaTrader 4 (MT4) was created mainly for Forex trading, but it can also facilitate the trading of other financial instruments via CFDs and Spread Betting. You cannot trade real assets like stocks, shares, commodities, indices and ETF's on the Bell Potter Securities Limited MetaTrader 4 (MT4) trading platform. MT4 is a platform available with Bell Potter Securities Limited, that facilitates trading financial instruments in the form of CFD contracts or Spread bets. The Bell Potter Securities Limited MT4 platform does not provide access to physical assets such as stocks, commodities, or ETFs for trading. Bell Potter Securities Limited allows trading CFDs and Spread bets, which do not involve owning underlying assets but speculating on price movements, using high risk leverage. To gain more information about the MT4 Platform, click here.

You can start using the MetaTrader 4 platform with Bell Potter Securities Limited in multiple formats including through an online web platform, Through a downloadable application for Windows PCs and Apple Macintosh computers. Bell Potter Securities Limited MetaTrader 4 is compatible with the latest macOS. Bell Potter Securities Limited allows traders to trade on mobile devices through Android and iOS devices like the iPhone.

Metatrader 4 Webtrader on Bell Potter Securities Limited

MetaTrader 4 (MT4) is a widely used trading platform in the world, offering a range of advanced tools and features. Recently, MT4 has been made available as a web-based application through a web browser, enabling traders to access the platform from anywhere.

The web version of MT4 provides the same user-friendly interface and customizable trading environment as the desktop version. With MT4 web, traders can access advanced charting tools, online trading indicators, and a Dealing Desk-free trading environment.

Additionally, traders can enjoy Raw Pricing without any intervention from brokers. Overall, MT4 web is a convenient and efficient way for traders to access the platform and manage their trades.

Trade Bell Potter Securities Limited MetaTrader 4 on iOS Devices

You can download the Bell Potter Securities Limited app or trade with Bell Potter Securities Limited through the MetaTrader 4 application on the Apple app store.

Download the Metaquotes MetaTrader 4 Program free of charge from Apple's App Store. Bell Potter Securities Limited customers have instant access to the financial market and can completely manage a Portfolio on the go.

Trade Bell Potter Securities Limited MetaTrader 4 on Android Devices

Millions of people worldwide use Android mobile devices and tablets, and Bell Potter Securities Limited offers its clients access to the MetaTrader 4 platform on these devices. With the Bell Potter Securities Limited MetaTrader 4 Android application, traders can monitor the financial markets and execute trades directly from their Android-based smartphones and tablets. This app provides access to a range of advanced trading features, allowing Bell Potter Securities Limited traders to stay on top of their trades and react quickly to changes in the market. With the Bell Potter Securities Limited MetaTrader 4 Android app, traders can securely manage their trades on the go, making it a convenient and efficient way to stay connected to the market.

Trade Bell Potter Securities Limited MetaTrader 4 Trading Central

Trading Centrals Alpha Generation Indicators available on Bell Potter Securities Limited are a powerful bundle of three major indicators designed to help traders make informed decisions. Bell Potter Securities Limited MT4 Trading Central indicators include:

• Analyst Perspectives - A valuable resource for traders seeking leadership insights and key levels.
• Adaptive Candlesticks - This indicator is capable of identifying chart patterns that highlight significant changes in demand and supply.
• Adaptive Divergence Convergence (ADC) - Similar to MACD, but with greater utility at shorter lengths, this indicator provides more timely signals.

Trading Centrals Alpha Generation Indicators can help Bell Potter Securities Limited traders better understand market trends and patterns, enabling them to make more informed trading decisions. These indicators can provide valuable insights into market movements, allowing Bell Potter Securities Limited traders to potentially stay one step ahead.

Bell Potter Securities Limited MetaTrader 4 Advanced Trading Tools

The Bell Potter Securities Limited MetaTrader 4 trading platform has advanced tools that enhance the overall trading experience and give Bell Potter Securities Limited traders detailed market tools. With feature-rich trade execution and management programs, sophisticated notification alarms, messaging facilities, innovative market data, and more, Bell Potter Securities Limited provides traders with everything they need to succeed. The Bell Potter Securities Limited MT4 platform also includes a range of technical analysis tools, with 30 indicators built in, 2000 plus free indicators, and the availability of paid indicators, allowing Bell Potter Securities Limited traders to analyze the market at any level of complexity.

Trade Bell Potter Securities Limited MetaTrader 4 MultiTerminal

MetaTrader 4 MultiTerminal offers traders an intuitive and user-friendly dashboard to manage and monitor multiple trading accounts. This powerful tool allows traders to oversee over 128 accounts simultaneously, enabling them to place market and pending orders, view real-time market prices, and track all accounts and equity in real-time.

It's important to note that MultiTerminal only supports trading accounts on the same MetaTrader server and doesn't allow automated trading scripts such as Expert Advisors.

This tool is ideal for traders who manage several accounts simultaneously and require a more efficient and effective way to track and execute trades. You can have up to 10 demo accounts on MetaTrader 4 MultiTerminal.

Bell Potter Securities Limited MetaTrader 4 AutoChartist

Autochartist on the Bell Potter Securities Limited platform is a powerful tool designed to help traders find trading opportunities quickly and easily.

Available for Bell Potter Securities Limited MetaTrader 4 Autochartist can scan the market using an expert advisor script.

With Autochartist, Bell Potter Securities Limited traders can scan multiple markets and timeframes from a single graph, making it easy to keep track of all their preferred symbols without launching multiple graphs. Using Autochartist can save Bell Potter Securities Limited users time and makes the trading process more efficient.

The Autochartist interface is user-friendly and can be customized to suit individual trading preferences. Bell Potter Securities Limited traders can navigate the platform and find the information they need to make informed trading decisions.

Bell Potter Securities Limited Autochartist is a valuable tool for traders who want to stay ahead of the curve and identify trading opportunities quickly and easily. With its powerful features and easy-to-use interface, Autochartist is an essential tool for Bell Potter Securities Limited traders of all experience levels.

Bell Potter Securities Limited Trading benefits

• Bell Potter Securities Limited Low min deposit

Bell Potter Securities Limited Trading Accounts Offered

Below we give an overview of the account types that Bell Potter Securities Limited offer. Whatever you are looking to trade, the varying Bell Potter Securities Limited account types will be able to provide you with what you need.

• Bell Potter Securities Limited Standard account

Can I try Bell Potter Securities Limited?

Bell Potter Securities Limited provides a demo account that enables individuals to explore trading before investing their funds. By creating a Bell Potter Securities Limited practice account, users can gain experience and knowledge of how to trade effectively. Demo trading accounts like the Bell Potter Securities Limited demo account can help individuals to make informed decisions before investing their money.

Open a demo Bell Potter Securities Limited account to practice and trade.

Your capital is at risk

Bell Potter Securities Limited withdrawal and funding methods

It's essential to remember that the payment methods provided by Bell Potter Securities Limited vary based on the Bell Potter Securities Limited entity and the Bell Potter Securities Limited client's country of residence. To view the Bell Potter Securities Limited payment options available, you can log into your Bell Potter Securities Limited member's area.

Bell Potter Securities Limited offers various funding payment methods listed in your Bell Potter Securities Limited dashboard if available in your region. To learn more about the Bell Potter Securities Limited funding and withdrawal options available in your area, you can explore the Bell Potter Securities Limited website.

Bell Potter Securities Limited provides several payment methods for funding your Bell Potter Securities Limited account. You may utilize any of these deposit options if they are available in your region. Bell Potter Securities Limited ensures that users have multiple payment methods to choose from, making it more convenient for verified Bell Potter Securities Limited account holders to add funds to their accounts. However, it's important to note that the availability of payment methods may vary depending on the Bell Potter Securities Limited user's location. learn more about Bell Potter Securities Limited funding and withdrawal methods.

Bell Potter Securities Limited Payment Methods

Some Bell Potter Securities Limited payment methods are local and are available only to specific regions. Bell Potter Securities Limited account holders should check which payment methods are provided in your region.

• Bell Potter Securities Limited accepts Debit cards
• Bell Potter Securities Limited accepts Credit cards

How can I start trading with Bell Potter Securities Limited?

To open a trading account with Bell Potter Securities Limited, individuals can sign up on the Bell Potter Securities Limited website. Upon completing the signup process, users will receive login details via email, which they can use to access their accounts.

The next step involves submitting identification documents for Bell Potter Securities Limited account validation and making a deposit. Once completed, Bell Potter Securities Limited users can download the trading platform of their choice.

It's important to note that Bell Potter Securities Limited requires users to provide essential documentation to verify their identity during onboarding and routine KYC identity checks. These checks are a standard practice that helps Bell Potter Securities Limited maintain a trustworthy financial environment for its 10,000 users. Detailed information on the Bell Potter Securities Limited trading platforms is available on their website.

Your capital is at risk

Performing trades with Bell Potter Securities Limited

When using Bell Potter Securities Limited, the minimum trade size is typically varies units of the base currency of the instrument being traded. However, this amount may vary based on the specific account a user has opened. Bell Potter Securities Limited have a max trade of varies.

Bell Potter Securities Limited, as a market maker, may have more lenient entry requirements than ECN brokers, who typically benefit from higher trading volumes and may have larger capital and minimum trade requirements. Market makers usually offer a lower minimum deposit and smaller minimum trade requirements and do not charge commissions on trades. Market makers like Bell Potter Securities Limited can be useful for traders starting or with limited capital.

Like other brokers, Bell Potter Securities Limited margin requirements can differ depending on the traded instrument.

CFD Trading on Bell Potter Securities Limited

We will show you an example of the basics of using Bell Potter Securities Limited leverage.

CFD trading on Bell Potter Securities Limited allows traders to speculate on the price movements of various financial instruments against the broker Bell Potter Securities Limited, without actually owning real assets. With CFDs, Bell Potter Securities Limited traders can profit from upward and downward price movements by going long (buying) or short (selling) on an asset.

Bell Potter Securities Limited provides CFDs which are leveraged products. For this example, let's assume a ten times leverage. So, if you have a $10,000 position, you only need to tie up $1,000 or a tenth of the value in your account. With high-risk leverage, a small sum controls a much bigger financial position.

The effect of leverage on profits and losses magnifies them in both directions. In other words, Bell Potter Securities Limited leverage profits and losses are magnified when trading. For instance, using CFDs, you use the Bell Potter Securities Limited trading platform to buy/sell $10,000 worth of Apple Computer Inc. If the stock rises by 10% due to positive results, your position is now worth $11,000, representing a $1,000 or 10% increase in value. This CFD trade has a 100% increase in the funds initially committed.

On the other hand, if Apple Computer Inc falls by 10%, your position worth $10,000 is now worth only $9,000, representing a $1,000 decrease. Therefore, Bell Potter Securities Limited leverage magnifies both profits and losses in trading.

Trading CFD trades on the Bell Potter Securities Limited platform can provide more flexibility than traditional market trades, allowing access to CFD fractional shares, international markets, and short selling. They are commonly used for short to medium-term trades, such as intraday CFD trading, but are high-risk due to their separation from the financial markets.

Experienced Bell Potter Securities Limited traders can trade high risk CFD trades to hedge items in their portfolio.

Always be aware that CFDs are complex instruments with a high risk of losing money rapidly due to leverage. Your capital is at risk

Education Resources at Bell Potter Securities Limited

To trade effectively with Bell Potter Securities Limited, it's important to have a good understanding of the Bell Potter Securities Limited trading tools and the markets. Make sure you make full use of all education tools. Including educational tools with Bell Potter Securities Limited and externally.

Bell Potter Securities Limited . It's essential to take the time to learn about the financial markets and understand how they move before diving into trading with Bell Potter Securities Limited. Familiarizing yourself with the Bell Potter Securities Limited trading platform is crucial to use it effectively.

While learning, you can also use global trading times to practice making live buy or sell trades using Bell Potter Securities Limited. This hands-on experience can help you gain confidence and become more comfortable with trading.

Furthermore, learning how to mitigate and manage investment risk is crucial. Trading with Bell Potter Securities Limited involves developing a strategy considering risk management techniques such as stop-loss orders, diversification, and position sizing. By effectively managing risk, you can increase your chances of success in the markets.

Learning about the financial markets, trading platforms like Bell Potter Securities Limited, and risk management techniques can help you become a more confident and successful trader.

Take an analytical approach to trading with Bell Potter Securities Limited. Explore the Bell Potter Securities Limited platform and train yourself to think systematically and logically about the markets.

While it may be a new skill set for some, it is what the market requires for success. Developing your trading skills with Bell Potter Securities Limited, before live trading.

Customer Support at Bell Potter Securities Limited

As part of our Bell Potter Securities Limited review, we review customer service options, response times and problem resolution effectiveness on the Bell Potter Securities Limited trading platform. The Bell Potter Securities Limited trading platform supports multiple languages, which includes English, Spanish, Czech, Chinese, German, French, Italian, Polish, Portuguese, Romanian, Slovenian,Hindi, Hebrew, Arabic, Russian.

Bell Potter Securities Limited Available Support Types

Based on our experience, we have given Bell Potter Securities Limited a D grade for customer support. We encountered some slow response times or Bell Potter Securities Limited queries that were left unanswered.

Compared to other brokers, Bell Potter Securities Limited offers fewer customer support features. They do not provide live chat support, and their phone and email support can also be slow.

email support and supports a limited amount of Languages. Live chat support supports a limited amount of Languages. Phone support supports a limited amount of Languages.

Livechat Support at Bell Potter Securities Limited

Our team tested the live chat support of Bell Potter Securities Limited and found it to be satisfactory. While we received a response within 25 minutes on most occasions, there were instances where we did not receive a response at all.

In addition, we tested Bell Potter Securities Limited support services in various countries and languages and found that Bell Potter Securities Limited were able to effectively resolve our customer issues.

Email Support at Bell Potter Securities Limited

We tested the email support of Bell Potter Securities Limited by sending 25 emails simultaneously, and our experience was mixed. While the answer times were generally excellent, with the fastest response being 3 hours, the slowest response was 6 days. We also encountered some instances where we did not receive any Bell Potter Securities Limited response.

The Bell Potter Securities Limited team did resolve and answer our queries, but the email support from Bell Potter Securities Limited was overall average compared to other brokers we have tested.

Phone Support at Bell Potter Securities Limited

We contacted Bell Potter Securities Limited via phone and received quick assistance within 10 minutes of our call.

The Bell Potter Securities Limited phone support team proved to be helpful and able to resolve our queries and issues over the phone. We also tested the multilingual support provided by Bell Potter Securities Limited and found that they could assist us in various languages.

While we found the Bell Potter Securities Limited phone support satisfactory, there is room for improvement in response time.

See how Bell Potter Securities Limited Support Compares Against Other Brokers

What you will need to open an account with Bell Potter Securities Limited

As Bell Potter Securities Limited is regulated by Australian Securities and Investments Commission (ASIC).

As a new client of Bell Potter Securities Limited, you will be required to pass a few basic compliance checks to ensure that you fully understand the risks involved in trading and are permitted to trade with Bell Potter Securities Limited in your region. During the Bell Potter Securities Limited account opening process, you will be asked to provide Bell Potter Securities Limited with certain documents, including a scanned copy of your passport, driving license or national ID, as well as a utility bill or bank statement from the past three months to verify your address.

When registering with Bell Potter Securities Limited have the following documents available.

• Bell Potter Securities Limited require a scanned colour copy of your passport, driver's license or national ID card.
• A recent utility bill or bank statement that confirms your residential address for Bell Potter Securities Limited compliance. This must be dated within the last six months.
• If you plan to fund your Bell Potter Securities Limited account using a credit or debit card, you will need to provide a scanned copy of the front and back of your card. You can mask any sensitive information like the CVV code on the Bell Potter Securities Limited platform.

It's worth noting that the expiration date of the proof of address document may differ for different entities under Bell Potter Securities Limited Brand. Additionally, you will need to answer some basic compliance questions to confirm your level of trading experience. This process usually takes around 5 minutes, and once you've passed compliance, you can start exploring Bell Potter Securities Limited's platform.

However, remember that you won't be able to make trades on Bell Potter Securities Limited until you have passed compliance, which may take several days, depending on your circumstances. It's essential to complete the Bell Potter Securities Limited KYC compliance process as soon as possible to avoid any delays in accessing the Bell Potter Securities Limited platform's features.

It is important to note that Bell Potter Securities Limited may request additional documents or information to verify your identity or comply with regulations. The account opening process usually takes a few minutes to complete, and you can start exploring the Bell Potter Securities Limited platform and features immediately. However, you must pass the verification process to start live trading with Bell Potter Securities Limited, which can take up to a few business days.

To start the process of opening an account with Bell Potter Securities Limited you can visit the Bell Potter Securities Limited trading platform here.
Your capital is at risk
You should consider whether you can afford to take the high risk of losing your money.

CFDs are leveraged products and can result in significant losses, excess of your invested capital. All trading involves risk. Only risk capital you're prepared to lose. Past performance does not guarantee future results.
This post is for educational purposes and should not be considered investment advice. All information collected from https://www.bellpotter.com.au on April 23, 2024.

Bell Potter Securities Limited review written by Andrew Blumer and Mark Hansen